Suchergebnisse

Human rights and state security in international relations -- International norms and their contestation in human rights dialogues -- Indonesia's new order 1965-1978 : transnational advocacy and state security under military-led modernization -- The Philippine new society 1972-1986 : transnational advocacy, state security, and human rights change -- Indonesia's new order 1986-1998 : transnational advocacy and human rights change -- Subcontracted violence in the Philippines 1986-1992 : excusing violations -- Excuses and paramilitary violence in East Timor and Indonesia 1999-2005 -- The Philippines 1999-2008 : counter-terrorism and human rights violations -- Contested norms and human rights change

This article looks at coming to terms with the past through the instrument of criminal tribunals. Two questions will be asked: What determines whether states chose criminal tribunals or other instruments of coming to terms with the past? Is the causal mechanism that theories of transitional justice accord to tribunals observable? A systematic comparison of the hybrid tribunals in Cambodia, East Timor and Sierra Leone seeks answers to these questions. Concerning the first question, the article argues that the establishment of tribunals is influenced by the existing balance of power. Tribunals are the more likely, the more the internal distribution of power among previous parties of a civil war favors the former victims and the easier crimes can be attributed to the now besieged party. The pattern emerging from the type of instruments used for different conflict periods, the distribution of indictments and the number of sentences suggests that tribunals do not live up to their claims of reaching reconciliation through retributive justice. The article discusses the implications of this finding. Adapted from the source document.

1\. Introduction 5 2\. The History of ASEAN: The Conventional View 6 3\. European and Southeast Asian Regional Integration: Tracing the Similarities 8 4\. What Explains Institutional Similiarities? - Mapping Theoretical Alternatives 11 5\. Interdependent-Horizontal: Diffusion 16 6\. The Charter of Europe and the ASEAN Charter 18 7\. Conclusion: Implications for the Study of Regionalism and Diffusion 21 Literature 23 ; Why do regional organizations share a number of key institutions and policies? Why do regional organizations like the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) or the Carribean Community (CARICOM) look like the European Union? And why do we find the norms of the Helsinki Final Act in treaties of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN)? The simple answer is that policy solutions developed in the context of regional integration diffuse. The paper contends that regional integration efforts in Europe have had a decisive but often unacknowledged influence on regional cooperation outside of Europe. The influence of European integration on regional organizations beyond Europe will be illustrated with a case that is unsuspicious of having emulated the European integration experience: The Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN). Since 1957, Southeast Asian states have selectively taken over policies and institutions from the European context. The most recent adoption, it will be argued, is the ASEAN Charter, in effect since November 2008. In accounting for this adoption, the paper argues that ASEAN members' decision is only partially driven by genuine regional or functional demands. Members borrowed from "abroad" expecting the Charter to provide a policy solution to the cooperation problems members faced. Thus, the paper makes an original general contribution to the existing literature on regional integration: It argues that a full account of regional integration processes needs to take diffusion processes into consideration.